19. 접속사(Conjunction)

1. 등위 접속사
   문법상 동등한 관계에 있는 낱말, 구, 절을 서로 연결시키는 역할을 한다.     
   1) 종류
    * and (-와, -과)
    * both ∼ and ∼ (-도 -도, 둘 다)
    * A as well as B  ( B뿐만 아니라 A도)
    * but (그러나)
    * not A but B  (A가 아니고 B이다)
    * not only A but also B (A뿐만 아니라 B도 역시)
    * or (또는)
    * either A or B (A이거나 B이거나 둘중의 하나)
    * neither A nor B (A도 B도 아닌)
    * nor(neither) (역시 -도 아니다)
    * so (그래서)
    * therefore (그렇기 때문에) 등

2) 용법
   ① and
    * She is pretty and clever. [단어와 단어]
    * by day and by night [구와 구]
    * Work hard, and you will pass the exem. [절과 절]
      = If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
    * Bread and butter is good for most sick people.
    * The poet and statesman is dead.
      The poet and the statesman are dead.
      ◇and로 결합된 어구가 주어 일 때 동사는 복수형이 된다.
        단, 동일물.동일관념,단일개념은 단수 취급을 한다.

    * go, come, try, send 등의 다음에 오는 and는 부정사 to 대용
      ◇ Go and see who it is.
         = Go to see who it is.

    * 형용사 + and + 형용사에서 앞의 형용사가 부사적 구실을 하는 경우.
      ◇ I am good and tired
        = I am very tired.

   ② But.
    * He works slowly but accurately.
      앞의 진술에 대한 반대의 뜻을 나타낸다.

   ③ not A but B  (A가 아니고 B이다)
    * He did not come on Sunday, but on Monday.
       cf) Not that I don't like the game, but that I have no time.
         ◇not that A but that B = not because A but because B
          =A 때문이 아니라 B 때문이다.

   ④ Or.
    * You may dance or sing here.
    * Make haste or you will be late for school.
      = If you do not make haste, you will be late for school.
      = Unless you make haste, you will be late for school.
        ◇명령문 + or: ∼해라, 그렇지 않으면 ∼할 것이다.
        ◇ or로써 연결된 어구가 주어인 경우는 동사의 형은 그것에
           가까운 쪽의 주어에 따른다.
           You or I am to blame. (당신이나 나나 어느 한쪽의 잘못이다)
    * The distance is five miles, or about eight kilometers. (= that is; 즉)

   ⑤ Nor.
    * He is not rich, nor is she.
      ◇nor는 and + not: 그리고 ∼도 역시 아니다.
        'nor + 조동사(또는 be 동사) + 주어'의 형태와 같이 nor 다음에는 도치.
    * I am nothing rich, and I do not wish to be (rich).
      = I am not rich, nor do I wish to be.

   ⑥ Both - and
    * He is both a novelist and a poet.
    * He is remarkable both for his intelligence and for his skill.
      ◇at once (alike, both) A and B: A도 B도 ∼이다. (양자긍정)
      ◇상관접속사는 같은 품사나 상당어구를 상관적으로 연결해야하며,
        연결하는 어구가 같은 형태이어야 한다.
         - He lived both in India and in Korea. (O)
         - He lived both  India and  Korea. (O)
         - He lived both in India and Korea. (X)

   ⑦ either  A or  B:  A이거나 B이다.       (양자택일)
      neither A nor B:  A도 B도 ∼이 아니다. (양자부정)
    * Either you or she is to blame.
    * Neither the boys nor Mary is to blame.
      ◇either A or B, neither A nor B에서 동사는 동사에서 가까운 곳에
        있는 주어인 B에 일치 시킨다.

    * He neither had money not food. (×)
    * He had neither money nor food. (○)
      ◇either A or B, neither A nor B에 연결되는 부분은 문법상 같은
         기능을 가진 상당어구이어야 한다.

   ⑧ not only (not merely) A but (also) B
     = B as well as A
     = A뿐만 아니라 B도 ∼이다. (동사는 B에 일치)
    * Not only the children but also the mother is sick.
                     [주어는 the mother(후자)]
      = The mother as well as the children is sick
                     [주어는 the mother(전자)]

    * He not only teaches English but also write many novels.
      =Besides (In addition to)teaching English, he writes many novels.
    * He gave me both food and money.
                 not only food but also money.
                 not merely food but also money.
      = He gave me money as well as food.
      = He gave me food, and money.
    * as well = besides = in to the bargain = in addition =   additionally.

   ⑨ so
    * He didn't make her unhappy, (and) so he told a white lie.
   ⑩ therefore
    * The manager was out, therefore I left a message with his secretary.
   ⑪ nor
    * He is not rich, nor is she.
    * He doesn't like a cat, nor does she.
      ◇ 앞문장이 부정문일 때 " 역시 아니다"의 뜻

2. 종속접속사
   종속접속사는 종속절을 주절에 연결시키는 역할을 한다.

1) 명사절을 이끄는 접속사
    ① that
     * That he will succeed is certain. [주어인 경우]
        = It is certain that he will succeed.
     * The fact is that he is honest.   [보어인 경우]
     * I know that he is honest.      [목적어인 경우]
       ◇that∼의 문장은 모두 완전한 문장이어야 한다.
         즉, 접속사로서 that이 유도하는 문장은 완전해야 한다.

    ② if, whether(-or)
     * I don't know whether he is right or wrong.
     * He asked me if I knew the lady.

    ③ 의문사. 관계사
     * Do you know when and where he was born?
     * I wonder what he is going to do next. [의문대명사의 접속용]

2) 형용사절을 이끄는 접속사
    ① 관계대명사
     * This is the girl who lives opposite to my house.

    ② 관계부사
     * This is the reason (why) he is absent.
     * It is the time (when) children should go to bed.

3) 시간부사절을 이끄는 접속사
  ◇ when, whenever, while, as, after, since, before, till, as soon as,
     the moment, the instant, instantly...
     * When he comes, tell him so.   (-하면)
     * Come whenever you like.      (-할 때 마다)
     * Strike the iron while it is hot.  (-하는동안)
     * I sang as I went along.         (-하면서)
     * I went to bed before he came back (-하기전에)
     * Wait here till he cames back. (-때까지)

     * since [-이후로]
       ▶ It is ten years since he died.
           = Ten years have passed since he died.
           = He died ten years ago.
           = He has been dead for ten years.
           = He has been dead these ten years.
           = He has been dead for the fast ten years.

     * as soon as [ -하자마자]
       ▶ No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
          = Scarcely had he seen me when he ran away
          = Hardly had he seen me before he ran away
       ▶ As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
          = The moment he saw me, he ran away.
          = The instand he saw me, he ran away.
          = The minute he saw me, he ran away.
          = The second he saw me, he ran away.
          = Immediately he saw me, he ran away.
          = Instandly he saw me, he ran away.
          = Directly he saw me, he ran away.
          = on (upon) seeing me, he ran away.
       ▶ He had no sooner seen me than he ran away.
          = He had scarcely seen me when he ran away
          = He had hardly seen me before he ran away
              [ 그는 나를 보자마자 도망쳤다.]

  4) 이유부사절을 유도하는 접속사
     : because, since, as, for, now that, seeing that...
     * As you are sorry, I'll forgive you.
     * Since he says so, I shall have to believe.
    
     * I did not go, because I was busy.
       (내가 바빴기 때문에 가지 못했다.)
       I did not go because I wanted to.
       (내가 가고 싶어서 간 것은 아니다)
        ※주의! :부정문 안에서 because가 쓰여진 경우의 문의 뜻에 주의:
                  [ -라고 해서 -는 아니다]

     * because 등의 접속사에 이끌리는 부사절은
       on account of, because of, owing to, thanks to 등의 뒤에 명사
       (대명사, 동명사)형을 붙여서 부사구로 바꿀 수 있다.
       ▶ As I was ill, I absented myself.
         = on account of illness, I absented myself.

       ▶ He failed because he was idle.
         = He failed because of idleness.
         = He failed owing to idleness

    * As                                --+  he is poor, he cannot buy the car.
      since                                   |
      Because                   |
      Now that                   |
      Seeing that                   |
      on the ground that               --+ → 이유접속사; ∼하기 때문에.

      = Because of         --+    his poverty, he cannot buy the car.
        Owing to            |
        on account of            |
        on the ground of         --+ → 이유를 표시하는 전치사구.

       ◇이유를 표시하는 전치사구 다음엔 명사 또는 동명사 구문을 사용.

 5) 결과의 부사절을 이끄는 접속사
   ◇ so ∼ that, such ∼ that  등...
    * As he is poor, he cannot buy the car.   [이유 접속사]
     = Because of his poverty, he cannot buy the car. [이유 전치사구]
     = He is so poor that he cannot buy the car.
     = He is so poor as not to buy the car.
     = He is too poor to buy the car.
     = His poverty is such that he cannot buy the car.
     = His poverty prevents him from buying the car.
     = His poverty forbids him to buy the car.

    * so - that ...는  so + 형용사 (부사) + that ... 의 꼴로 쓴다.
    * such - that...는 such +(a)+ 형용사+명사+ that..의 꼴로 쓴다.
    * He is such a kind boy that everybody likes him.
      = Such is his kindness that everybody likes him.

    * 결과를 나타내는 부사절은 too - to (or so-that not), so - as(not) to
       enough to, only to, as a result of 등으로써 부사구로 바꿀 수 있다.
       ▶ He is so rich that he can buy a motorcar
          = He is rich enough to buy a motorcar

       ▶ I was so tired that I could not take another step.
          = I was too tired to take another step.

  6) 양보부사절을 유도하는 접속사
    Though --+
    Althouhg   | he is poor, he is happy.
    If           |
    Even if --+ → 양보접속사
    = In spite of --+  his poverty, he is happy.
      Despite           |
      After all           |
      For all           |
      With all           |
      In the face of   |
      Not withstanding --+→ 양보전치사구 (비록 ∼일지라도)

   ※ as가 양보를 나타낼 경우의 구문
        : 보어(명사의 경우에는 무관사) + as + 주어 + 동사의 꼴로
      * Though he is a child, ...  ⇒ Child as he is, ....(그는 아이지만)
        Though he is rich, ... ⇒ Rich as he is, ... (그는 부자지만)
      
       ▶ Though he is young,  he is equal to the task.
             = Young as he is,  he is equal to the task.
          Though he is a hero,  he is humble.
             = Hero as he is, he is humble.

       ▲ 명사인 경우 무관사임을 주의할 것!

 
  ※ as가 양보를 나타낼 경우의 구문 보충
       : 형용사, 부사, 명사, 과거분사 + as(또는 though) + 주어 + 동사의
         형태로서 양보의 뜻을 가진 것.
  ①형 + as (though) + 주어 + 동사
    * Rich as he is ---+  he cannot afford such extravagance
      Rich though he is    |  forever.
      Though he is rich ---+
      (비록 그는 부자일지라도 영원히 그런 낭비를 감당할 수는 없다.)

  ②부사 + as + S + V
    * Though he studied hard --+  he failed in the exam.
      Hard as the studied --+

  ③명사 + as + S + V
    * Though he was a coward --+   he could not bear such an insult.
      Coward as he was           |
      Coward though he was --+
      ◇ a coward가 문두로 도치되면 반드시 부정관사 a를 생략할 것.

  ④과거분사 (p.p) + as + S + V
    * Though he was startled ---+   he didn't lose his balance.
      Startled as he was    |
      Startled though he was ---+
      (비록 그는 놀랐지만 마음의 안정을 잃지는 않았다.)
      ◇ keep one's balance = keep steady : 몸의 균형을 유지하다.
         ≠ lose one's balance : 균형을 잃다. (become unsteady)
                                 마음의 안정을 잃다. (be upset)

  7) 명령형 양보부사절
   ①명령문(원형동사) + wh- clause.
    * Wherever he may(will) go --+   he will be welcome.
      No matter where he may go   |
      Let him go where he will   |
      Go where he will   --+
      (그가 어디에 가더라도 환영 받을 것이다.)

   ②명령문 + as clause
    * However hard you may try       --+ you can never to it in a weak
      No matter how hard you may try |
      Try as you may (will)       --+
      (네가 아무리 열심히 해볼지라도, 너는 그것을 1주일 안으로 해낼 수는 없다.)

   ③기타
    * Be it ever so humble         --+  there is no place like home.
      However humble it may be           |
      No matter how humble it may be --+
      (아무리 누추하더라도 내집 같은 곳은 없다.)
    * Be a man ever so rich         --+  he should not idle.
      However rich a man may be           |
      No matter how rich a man may be --+
      (사람이 아무리 부자라 할지라도, 게을러서는 안된다.)
    * Be it true or not         --+   it is not worth considering.
      Whether it be true or not --+
      (그것이 사실이든 아니든, 생각해 볼만한 가치가 없다.)

8) 조건 부사절을 이끄는 접속사
   ① if
    * If you ask him, he will help you.
   ② unless : if ∼ not, 만일 ∼하지 않는다면.
    * Unless you work harder, you will fail.
      = If you do work harder, you will fail.
   ③ suppose(supposing) that: 만일 ∼한다면.
    * Suppose (that) he refuses, what shall we do?
     = If he refuese, what shall we do?
   ④ in case (that) : 만일 ∼한다면,∼하는 경우를 대비하여
    * In cace you find the man, please let me know at once.
    ◇ unless, suppose , in case .
       : 접속사이므로 다음에 주어 + 동사의 형태가 와야한다.

    * In case of (In the event of) fire, ring the alarm bell.
    ◇ in case of, in the event of는 조건을 나타내는 전치사구이므로
       다음에 명사 또는 동명사 구문이 와야한다.

   ⑤ providing(provided) : if, if only
    * I will do so providing I am paid.
 
   ⑥ granting (granred) : 설사 -이라고 하더라도
    * Granting that you were drunk, I can't believe you.
 
   ⑦ on condition that : -이라는 조건으로
    * I will undertake it on condition that you bear the expense
 
   ⑧ so long as : --하기만 하면.
   * It matters little who finds the truth, so long as the truth is found.

   ⑨ once : 일단-하면, from the moment that
    * once you hesitate, you are lost.

  9) 목적의 부사절을 나타내는 접속사
   ① so that - may ..
     * He works hard that -+   he may pass the examination.
                  so that |
                  in order that -+   → 목적을 나타내는 부사절

       = He works hard to -+  pass the examination.
                    so as to |
                    in order to -+   → 부정사의 부사적 용법

       = He works hard for the purpose of        passing the exam.
                         with a view to  -+
                       with the view of  |
                      with the object of |
                    with the intention of -+ → 전치사구

   ② that ∼ may not: ∼하지 않도록, 부정어 not은 반드시 부정사 to 앞에
      * Make a note of it that you may not forget it.

   ③ lest - should
      * He works hard lest            he should fail in the exam.
                       for fear (that)
    ◇ lest ∼ should나 for fear (that) ∼ should는 "∼하지 않도록"으로
       그자체로서 부정의 목적을 나타내니까 재차 not을 쓰지 않는다.
       하지 않기 위하여로 그 속에 부정어 not을 포함한다.





10) 기타
   ① otherwise
      * He worked hard, otherwise he should have failed.
        = If he had not worked hard, he should have failed.

   ② but that
      * She would have fallen over the cliff,
                       but that I caught her by the hand.
        = She would have fallen over the cliff,
                       if I had not caught her by the hand.

   ③ but (종속접속사)
      * I never see her but I think of my sister. [복문]
        = I never see her without thinking of my sister.
        = Whenever I see her, I think of my sister.
        = When I  see her, I always think of my sister.   
        = Her sight reminds me of my sister.

   ④ doubt, deny 다음에 오는 목적절 유도의 접속사
      * I doubt(or deny) that        he is guilty of the crime.
                         but that  
                         but what