1. May, Might의 용법
①허락.(허가)
* May I smoke here?
- Yes, you may.
- No, you may (must) not.
②추측.
* He may be rich.
= It is possible that he is rich. (현재의 추측, may + 원형)
* He may have been rich.
= It is possible that he was rich. (과거의 추측, may have + p.p)
*가정법 과거완료 = might have + p.p.
ex)* He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.)
(그는 그를 만날지도 모른다; 현재의 추측)
He may have meet her. (= It is possible that he met her.)
(그는 그녀를 과거에 만났을지도 모른다; 과거의 추측)
He might have met her.
= He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (가정법 과거완료)
= He did not meet her, as he was busy. (직설법 과거)
③기원
* May be rest in peace ! (편히잠드소서!)
④ 관용구
◆ may + well + 원형동사: ∼하는 것은 당연하다.
과거: may well have + p.p.
* He may well say so. (∼하는 것은 당연하다)
= He says so, and well he may.
= He has good reason to say so.
= It is natural that he should say so.
no wonder
a matter of course
not surprising
= I take it for granted that he says so.
◆ You may as well --+ begin at once.
might as well |
had better --+ → ∼하는게 좋다.
* You may as well begin it at once
◆ may (might) as well A as B: B하느니 차라리 A하는게 낫다.
실현가능 : may ∼
실현불가능: might ∼
△You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
(그것을 불완전하게 아느니, 차라리 전혀 모르는 것이 낫다.)
You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him.
(그를 설득하려고 시도하는 것은 늑대를 설득하려는 것과 같다.)
◆ so -+ that + S + may(might) + do ∼하기 위해서
in order --
= in order -+ to do
so as --
= for the purpose of ∼ing
= with a view to ∼ing
= with the view ---+ of ∼ing
intention |
aim |
object ---+
* He works hard that he may succeed.
= He works hard so that he may succeed.
= He works hard in order that he may succeed.
(=can,will)
◆양보
* However rich a man may be, he must not be idle.
◆허가를 의미하는 may가 다른 조동사와 함께 미래형.완료형으로
쓰일때에는 be allowed to(또는 be permitted to)가 쓰인다.
* You will may go home next month. ( X )
* You will be allowed to go home next month. ( O )
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2. Can / Can not
①능력 / 불가능
* I can speak English. (현재시제 = be able to)
과거 : I was able to speak English.
미래 : I will be able to speak English.
현재완료: I have been able to speak English.
과거완료: I had been able to speak English.
미래완료: I will have been able to speak English.
◇ can의 과거: was able to.
be able to∼의 부정: be unable to∼
* He cannot speak English.
② 추측, 강한 의문 / 부정의 단정
◆의문문에서 can + S + V ? ( ∼일수가 있을까?)
* Who can he be? (도대체 누구일까?)
* Can it be true? (도대체 그게 사실일까?)
의문문 과거에서 can + S + have + P.P (∼일수가 있었을까?)
* Can he have been a thief?
◆부정문에서 can not + V (∼일리가 없다)
* He cannot be honest. (현재의 추측, 그는 정직할리가 없다)
= It is impossible that he is honest.
부정문 과거에서 can not + S + have + P.P (∼이었을 리가 없다)
* He cannot have been a liar.
= It is impossible that he was a liar.
※ cannot이 추측을 나타낼 땐 과거형에 could not을 사용
하지 않고 반드시 cannot + have + p.p. 형태를 사용.
③ 능력의 의미로 쓰이는 can과,불가능의 의미인 cannot은 다른 조동사와
함께 쓰일 때에는 be able to, be unable to로 쓴다.
* When shall I can read this book ? ( X )
* When shall I be able to read this book ? ( O )
* He can not read the book. ( X )
* He be unable to read the book. ( O )
④can not이 붙는 관용구
* We cannot be too careful of our health.
* We cannot thank you enough.(아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다)
3. Must
①필수, 의무 (must + 의지동사)
* You must obey your parents.
= It is necessary that you should obey your parents.
= It is necessary for you to obey your parents.
◆ 필수.의무의 의미로 사용되는 must는 과거일 경우 had to를 사용
하고 다른 조동사와 함께 사용 할 때에는 have to를 쓴다,
◆ must의 부정어는 need not, do not need to, do not have to,
have not to 등이 있음.
* You must go there.
의: Do you have to go there?
과: You had to go there.
미: You will have to go there.
* You have only to do your duty. (∼하기만하면 된다)
②단정, 강한추측 (must + 무의지동사)
* He must be honest. (현재의 추측)
= I am sure that he is honest.
It is certain
= It is impossible that he is honest.
≠ He cannot be honest.
* He must have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= I am sure that he was honest.
= It is impossible that he was honest.
≠ He cannot have been honest.
③기타.
* He must needs come. (꼭 ∼한다고 고집하다)
* Sooner or later, death must come to us all.
(필연; 반드시 ∼하다. 조만간 죽음은 우리 모두에게 다가온다)
* You must not tell a lie. (금지; ∼해서는 안된다)
≠ You may tell a lie. (허가; ∼해도 좋다)
* I think that I must go.
과거: I thought that I must go.
4. Will, Would
① Will : 현재의 불규칙적 습관. (∼하곤하다)
Would: 과거의 불규칙적 습관. (∼하곤했다)
* He will often sit up reading all night.
* He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife.
②소망 (wish to, want to)
* He who would do some great thing in this world has to
do his best.
* Would that I were young again!
Would to God
I wish
③거절, 고집.
* The door will not open. (현재의 고집)
* He would not take the money. (과거의 고집)
④습관, 경향 (He'll과 같이 생략형을 쓸 수가 없다)
* Dogs will bark when they see a stranger.
⑤추측
* He would be about twenty, when he met her.
⑥겸손한 요구
* Would you pass me the salt? (공손)
* I would rather die (than) live in dishonor.
would sooner
had rather
= I would as soon die as live in dishonor.
= I would choose death before life in dishonor.
= I prefer dying to living in dishonor. (전치사 + 명사,동명사)
= I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor.
= 불명예스럽게 사느니 죽는 것이 낫다.
⑦기타.
* This vessel will hold 2 hallons of water. (포용력)
* He would be about twenty, when he met her. (추측)
* He was a strong will. (그는 강한 의지를 갖고 있다)
* He made his will before his death.
◇ will이 명사로 쓰이면 "의지, 뜻, 의사, 유언" 등으로 쓰임.
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5. Should
①의무 (should + 원형동사: ∼해야한다)
* The young should respect the old.
◇ 'should + 동사원형'은 'ought to + 동사원형'과 마찬가지로 의무
"∼해야한다"의 뜻.
②과거의 비난, 유감, 후회 (should + have + p.p.; ∼했어야했는데)
* You should have worked harder.
ought to
= I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder.
= I wish you had worked harder.
Would that
Would to God
If only
= You had to work harder, but you didn't.
③강한의문, 놀람, 당연 (의문사 + should) :(수사의문문)
* Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather?
◇ should가 why, how, who 등의 의문문에서 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연
등으로 쓰이면 "도대체 ∼인가?"의 뜻.
* How should I know it?
= I don't know it at all.
◇ Who should A but b? : 도대체 누가 A하는가 했더니 다름아닌 바로 B이더라.
* Who should come in but the teacher himself ?
④이성적 판단의 should.(It is + 이성형용사 + that ∼ should +원형동사)
* It is necessaryl that he should go there.
= It is necessary for him to go there.
= He may well go there.
◇ It is + 형 + that∼구문에서 형용사 necessary, important, proper
natural, good, well, right, wrong, rational, reasonable 등이 오면
that절에 should를 사용하여 이성적판단을 나타낸다. (해석할 필요
는 없음)
⑤감정적 판단의 should.(It is + 감정형용사 + that ∼ should +원형동사)
* It is strange that she should say so.
◇ It is 다음에 a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious,wonderful
regrettable 등이 쓰이면 that∼에 should를 사용하며, 감정적판단
(∼하다니)을 나타낸다.
should + 동사원형 → 현재의 일.
should + have + p.p. → 과거의 일.
⑥기타.
* He should arrive by the 6:15 train. (추측)
* I should like to go to America once more. (긍정의 겸손한 표현)
* He hurried to the station lest he should be late for the last train.
= He hurried to the station for fear (that) he should be late for
the last train.
→ "∼하지 않도록", 자체 속에 부정의 뜻 포함. should 다음에 not
을 쓰지 않도록 주의 할 것.
6. Should Ⅱ
충고: advice, advisable. --+
주장: insist,assert,maintain,contend | + that + 주어 + should + 동사원형
소망: desire, expect, wish | ( = 동사원형)
요구: require, request, demand, ask |
제안: propose, move, suggest. |
명령: order,command --+
* He insists that we should stay for dinner.
* The captain ordered that the agent should be (or be) shot.
7. Ought to
①당연, 의무.
* You ought to start at once. (∼해야한다, should와 거의 같은 뜻)
* You ought not to say such things. (부정; ought not to∼)
②과거의 유감, 후회, 비난.(ought to have + 과거분사)
* You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.
= You should have told me that matter yesterday.
= I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday.
= I wish you had told me that matter yesterday.
(너는 어제 그일을 나에게 말했어야 했는데...)
◇ought to + have + p.p는 과거에 실행되지 못한 일에 대해 유감, 비난, 후회를 나
타내며 '∼했어야했는데'의 뜻을 갖는다.
③ 당연
* Such a man ought to succeed.
③미래의 추측.
* It ought to be rainly tomorrow. (당연히 ∼일 것이다)
8. Dare
* I dare not to go there.
* How are you say such a thing to my face?
(내 면전에서 네가 감히 나에게 그런 말을 할 수 있겠는가?)
◇부정문, 의문문에서 조동사로 쓰여 "감히 ∼하다"
* He dares(or dared) to insult me.
◇ dare to do : 본동사로서 "감히 ∼하다"
* I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = 아마.
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9. Need : .
* daily needs: 일용품.
* immediate needs: 당장 필요한 것들.
* The house is in need of repair. (명사로 필요, 소용, 결핍의 뜻)
◇in need of∼: ∼에 필요한. ◇in need: 곤경에 빠져있는.
◆부정문과 의문문에서 조동사로 쓰인다
부정문과 의문문에서 본동사로 쓰일때에는 need 에 to 부정사가 따른다,
* He needs your help. (본동사, 그는 너의 도움을 필요로 한다)
* He need not go there. (조동사)
= He does not need to go there. (본동사)
* He need not have written to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었는데...(그런데도 썼다))
He did not need to write to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었다.(썼는지의 여부는 모름))
◇need not have + p.p.: ∼할 필요가 없었는데 ∼를 했다.
did not need to∼ : ∼할 필요가 없었다, 그래서 ∼하지 않았다.
10. Used to
① use가 명사, 동사로 쓰일 때.
* You use your legs when you walk. (동사, [ju:z])
* The telephone is of no use in this town. (명사, [ju:s])
* use up = exhaust: 다 써 버리다.
of no use = useless: 소용이 없는.
② used to + 동사원형.
* I used to get up early. ([ju:st], 과거의 규칙적 습관)
= I was in the habit of getting up early.
= I made it a rule to get up early.
= I made a point of getting up early.
= I made it a point to get up early.
( 나는 언제나 일찍 일어나곤 했다)
③ 과거에 있어서의 계속적인 상태
* There used to be a big tree here. (여기에는 본래 큰 나무가 있었다)
③ be used to + 명사, 동명사.
* He is used to driving a car.
= He is accoustomed to drive a car.
driving a car.
◇ be used to 다음에 반드시 명사 또는 동명사가 오며 "∼에 익숙하다"의 뜻.
그러나 be accustomed to 다음엔 동사원형 또는 명사나 동명사가 모두 쓰임.
11. Do 의 용법
do (does), did는 조동사로 쓰이고 본동사로도 쓰인다.
조동사는 본동사앞에서 그뜻을 보조해 주는 동사이다.
① Do you like a rose. ( do는 의문문을 만들기 위한 조동사)
② Yes, I do ( do는 like를 대신한 대동사)
③ No, I do not (like it). ( do 는 부정문을 만들기 위한 조동사)
④ I do hope it will clear up tomorrow
동사의 의미를 강조하는 do-- 동사앞에 do를 쓰며 그 동사를 강조 ⑤ He does it very well ( dose는 -하다의 본동사)
※ 부사 so 와 do 의 관용적 용법
* He is honest, and so is she
* He has book, and so has she
* He likes a rose, and so does she.
*** 강조에 의한 도치구문에서 do가 부사 never, rarely, hardly,
little, vainly, nor 다음에 놓여 리듬을 맞춘다.
- I never (or little) did I dreamed that I should never see her agin
- Never (or little) did I dreamed that I should never see her agin
12. 조동사와 형용사와의 관계
1) impossible
* 불가능 It is impossible for him to teach English.
= He cannot teach English.
* 부정의 단정 It is impossible that said (or has said) such
a foolish thing.
= He cannot have said a foolish thing.
2) possible
* 추측 It is possible that he has succeeded.
= He may have succeeded.
* 가능 It is possible for her to make a doll.
= She can make a doll
*강한의심 It is possible that she killed herself
= Can she have killed herself
3) sure (or certain)
I am sure he was thirty when I first met him.
= He must have been thirty when I first met him.
4) be necessary = must(-하지 않으면 안돤다.
5) It was not necessary = need not have + 과거분사
(-할 필요가 없었는데 했다.
6) It was not right( It was wrong) = should(ought to) have +
과거분사 (-했어야 했는데 - 하지 않았다)
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