부정사는 동명사.분사와 함께 준동사라 하며 보통[ to + 동사원형] 형태로
쓰인다.
* I went to the station to see her off
1. 명사적 용법 :
to+R이 문장 안에서 주어, 목적어, 명사보어, 동격으로 쓰임.
주어가 길때에는 대개 가주어 it 를 쓴다.
①주어로 쓰이는 경우 :
To learn English is very easy.
= It is very easy to learn English.
②목적어로 쓰이는 경우 :
I want to read this book.
◇의문사 + to 부정사가 명사구의 역할.- 동사의 목적어.
* I don't know what to do.
where to go.
when to do it.
whom to go with...............
③명사보어로 쓰이는 경우 :
* To see is to believe.
④가주어와 진주어 관계
* It is wrong to tell a lie.
⑤가목적어와 진목적어 관계
* I think it wrong for you to tell a lie.
2. 형용사적 용법 : To + R 이 문장 안에서 명사를 수식(한정적 용법)하거
나 보어역활(서술적 용법,be to 용법)을 함.
He is a tall man.
He is tall.
①한정적 용법 : 명사를 수식.한정한다.[ -해야 할, -할 ]
* I have no friend to help me.
◇전치사 + 관계 대명사 + to 부정사가 명사를 수식.
* I have no house in which to live.
= I have no house to live in.
* I have got letters to write.( 써야 할 편지 )
* I want something to write on. ( 쓸 것-종이 등-)
* I want something to write with. ( 쓸 도구-펜 등-)
* to live in a house ( 집에서 살다)
a house to live in ( 살을 집)
* to sit on a chair ( 의자에 앉다.)
a chair to sit on ( 앉을 의자)
②서술적 용법 : be + to 부정사가 같은 형태로 쓰이나 문장 안에서 주격
보어(형용사 보어)로 쓰이며 각기 뜻을 달리하여 사용 되며 예정, 의무
가능, 의도, 운명 등을 나타냄.
* 예정 : We are to meet at the post office.
* 의무 : You are to finish it by six.
* 가능 : No one was to be seen on the street.
(주로 수동태, 부정문, 의문문에서 사용 됨)
* 의도 : If you are to succeed, you must work hard.(소망)
(If절 안에서의 to be는 주로 intend to의 뜻으로 쓰임)
* 운명 : He was never to see his home again.
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3. 부사적 용법 :
to + 동사 원형이 문장 안에서 부사적 기능을 하며 목적,
결과, 원인, 조건, 양보, 이유.판단의 근거, 정도 등을 나타냄.
①목적 ( -하기 위해) : We eat to live, not live to eat.
* To부정사가 목적용도일 때 문장전환
We eat to live
= We eat in order to live.
= We eat so as to live.
= We eat so that we may live.
= We eat that we can live.
= We eat in order that we will live.
* We eat not to die.
= We eat in order not to die.
= We eat so as not to die.
(부정사의 부정은 부정어를 to 앞에 둔다)
= We eat lest we should die.
(lest ∼ should 구문, lest 다음은 절의 형태를 취함)
= We eat for fear that we should die.
( for fear (that)의 형태는 절을 취함)
= We eat so that we may not die.
* He works hard that He may pass the exemination.
so that can
in order that will
= he works hard to pass the exemination.
so as to
in order to
= He works hard for the purpose of passing the exem.
with the view of
with a view to
with the intention of
with the object of
(전치사구∼하기 위하여)
◇전치사 다음은 항시 명사나 동명사가 온다. (전치사 다음은 전치사의
목적어가 와야하며 목적어는 명사나 동명사만이 가능하기 때문이다.)
◇ 복문을 단문으로 고치는 방법 :
ⓐ접속사 that의 생략.
ⓑ주절의 주어와 종속절의 주어가 같으면 생략.
ⓒ조동사 생략.
ⓓto를 사용하여 부정사 구문으로 고침
②결과: (- 해서 -했다)
주로 "무의지 동사(awake, live, grow up, die) + to부정사" 의 형태로
결과를 나타냄
* one morning he awoke to find himself famous.
=One morning he awoke and found himself famous.
only + to부정사, never+ to부정사는 반대의 결과를 나타낸다.
* He tried to rise, but it was useless.
= He tried to rise only to fail.
= He tried in vain(vainly) to rise.
* He went to Brazil never to return.
= He went to Brazil but he never returned.
◇ so that ∼, 과 so ∼ that.
ⓐ so that∼: 목적, 결과(therefor,and so), 조건(if only, so long as)
㉠목적
* He got up early so that he might be in time for the train.
= He got up early so as to be in time for the train.
㉡결과
* A great storm arose, so that the ship were wreched.
㉢조건
* Any book will do, so that it is interesting.
ⓑ so ∼ that (so that 이하가 결과 부사절)
* He got up so early that he was in time for the train.
= He got up so early as to be in time for the train.
③원인 : 감정을 나타내는 동사나 형용사 다음의 부정사는 원인을 나타냄.
감정 동사 : smile, weep, agrieve.
감정 형용사: glad, happy, sorry, delighted, pleased, surprised.
* I am very glad (or pleased) to hear of your success.
④조건 : to부정사가 if절 역할을 하는 경우
* I should be glad to go with you.
= I should be very glad if I could go with you.
⑤양보 [ -한다 할지라도]
* To do his best, he could not succeed in it.
= Though he did his best, he could not succeed in it.
⑥이유, 판단의 근거 [ -하다니, -하는 것을 보면]
* must be
cannot be + to 부정사
감탄문
* He must be honest to say so.
* He must be foolish to believe such a thing.
⑦정도
◇타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본주어로 고칠 수 있다.
* It is not good to drink this water.
= This water is not good to drink (vt.의 목적어)
* It seems to be comfortable to sleep in this bed.
= This bed seems to be comfortable to sleep in (pre.의 목적어)
⑧독립 부정사 : 문장 전체를 수식하므로 부사적 용법에 해당
* To tell the truth, he is poor at English.
= If we(I) tell the truth,he is poor at English.
- To do him(one's) justice(
- so to speak,
- to begin with,
- strange to say,
- To make a long story short,
- To be sure,
- not to speak of = to say nothing of = not to mention
- To make matters worse
- to be frank with you
- to say least of
- to conclude
- to be brief
- needless to say
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4. 원형 부정사 :
지각 동사나 사역 동사 다음엔 to가 생략되고 동사 원형만이 오는데
이를 원형 부정사라 한다.
① 지각 동사 또는 사역 동사 + 목적어 + 원형 부정사.
* 지각 동사 : see, behold, hear, feel, watch, obserb, notice,
look at, listen to..........
* 사역 동사 : make, let, have, bid, help(to도 가능)
* I saw him enter the room.
* I made him write a letter of apology.
= He was made to write a letter of apology by him.
(능동태에서의 원형부정사가 수동태로 고쳐지면 다시 to가 되살아난다)
* He let Betty use his dictionary.
= Betty was allowed to use his dictionary by him.
② get, allow, order, cause, compel, force, oblige + 목적어 + to부정사
◇ 열거한 동사는 사역의 의미는 갖고 있지만 사역 동사는 아니다)
* The rain made the river rise. (소나기는 강이 불어나게 한다.)
= The rain caused the river to rise.
③관용어귀 다음의 원형 부정사.
* had better(best) + 동사 원형 (부정: had better not)
You had better go before it rains.
= It would be better for you to go before it rains.
* cannot but + 동사원형 (cannot help ∼ ing)
He cannot choose but say so.
= There is no choice for him but to say so.
* do nothing but + 동사원형.
She did nothing but cry all day.
= There was nothing for her but to cry all day.
* would rather
would sooner A than B (A,B가 동사원형)
had rather
5. 부정사의 시제
① 형태
동사 seem,appear,happen,chance,follow등은 it다음에 이어져 that절을 이끌수 있다.
◇단순 부정사 : to + 동사원형 (주절의 시제와 같거나 그 이후의 시제를 나타낼 때)
* It seems that + s + v --> s + seems + to 부정사.
appears appears
* It seems that he is ill
= He seems to be ill.
* It seemed that he was ill
= He seemed to be ill.
◇완료 부정사 : to + have + p.p (주절의 시제보다 그 이전의 시제를 나타낼떄)
* It happens that + s+ v --> s + happens + to 부정사.
chances chances
* It seems that he was(or has been) ill.
= He seems to have been ill.
* It seemed that he had been sick.
= He seemd to have been sick.
② wish, hope, desire, expect,want, be, mean to, intend to, be likely
와 같이 소망,의도를 나타내는 동사 다음에 오는 부정사가
㉠ 단순부정사(to+원형) 이면, 술부동사 이후(미래)의 시제를 나타낸다.
* I expect to succeed.
= I expect that I shall succeed.
㉡ 완료부정사(to+have+과거분사)이면, 실현되지 못한 과거의 소망
* He hoped to have succeeded.
= He had hoped to succeed.
= He had hoped that he would succeed.
= He hoped to succeed but he did not.(or could not)
6. 과거에 이루지 못한 소망
◇형식 : s + had + 미래 동사의 p.p + that ∼
had + 미래 동사의 p.p + 단순 부정사
미래 동사의 과거형 + 완료 부정사.
* I hoped to see her yesterday.
= I hoped that I should see her yesterday.
(그녀를 만나기를 희망 했음.만났는지 만나지 못했는지는 표현되지 않음)
* I had hoped that I would see her yesterday.
= I had hoped to see her yesterday.
= I hoped to have seen her yesterday.
= I had to see her yeaterday, but I couldn't.
(그녀를 만나기를 희망 했으나 만나지를 못함)
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7. 부정사의 의미상의 주어
(1) 의미상의 주어가 일반적일때는 생략한다.
It is impossible to pass the examination.
(2) 부정사의 특정한 의미의 주어는 원칙적으로 for(of) + 목적어를 씀.
* It is impossible that he should pass the examination.
= It is impossible for him to pass the examination.
* I think it difficult that he should solve the problem.
= I think it difficult for him to solve the problem.
◇ It is + 성질형용사 + of 목적격 + to부정사
성질형용사 : good, good-natured, good-tempered, bad-tempered, fine, bad, kind, unkind, wise, clever, spupid, foolish, silly, polite, thoughtful,considerate, cruel, ill-natured,
rude, careful, careless,generous. sensible,
* It is very kind of you to say so.
= You are very kind to say so.
= How kind (it is) of you to say so.
◇ of + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본주어로 고칠 수가 있다.
for + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본주어로 고칠 수가 없다.
(단, for + 목적격일지라도 타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본주어로
고칠 수가 있다)
(3) 의미상의 주어가 본주어와 같을 땐 생략한다.
* I expect to succeed.
= I expect that I shall succeed.
(4) 의미상의 주어가 문장 전체의 목적어와 일치 할 땐 전치사를 생략한다.
* I expect (for) him to succeed.
= I expect that he will succeed.
8. 사람을 주어로 할 수 없는 형용사.
: convienient, necessary, difficult, important, impossible,
possible, pleasant, easy, dangerous 등의 형용사와 a pity와 같은 명
사는 원칙적으로 사람을 주어로 할 수가 없다. 그러나 사람 주어가 부
정사의 타동사나 전치사의 목적어에서 온 경우엔 가능하다.
* It is easy for Tom to master English.
= English is easy for Tom to master. (○) → 타동사의 목적어
= Tom is easy to master English. (×) → 목적격
* It is cruel of him to beat the dog like that.
= He is cruel to beat the dog like that.(of + 목적격에서는 가능)
* It is possible for me to solve the problem.
= I am possible to solve the problem. (×)
* It is dangerous for her to bathe in this river.
= This river is dangerous for her to bathe in. (○) → 전치사의목적어
= She is dangerous to bathe in this river. (×)
* It is difficult to please him.
= He is difficult to please.
◇ difficult는 사람을 주어로 할 수 없으나 him이 타동사의 목적어이므로 가능
◇ unable, incapable, be sorry 등은 It을 주어로 할 수 없다.
* It is sorry for me to hear of your father's death.(×)
= I am sorry to hear of your father's death. (○)
9. 부정사의 의미.
:부정사는 동명사에 비해 "미래적", " 구체적", "가상적"인 성질을 갖는다.
①미래적 성질.
* Mery remembers to go. (In:미래성-->갈 것)
* Mery remembers going. (G:과거성-->간 것)
②구체적 성질.
* To swim is better exercise than to row for older people.
(수영에 대한 구체성, 운동 효과 등등...)
* Swimming is better than exercise rowing for older people.
(수영에 대한 일반적인 견해)
③가상적 성질.
* John likes Mery to stay at home.
(Mery가 집에 있다는 사실 여부는 표현되지 않음)
* John likes Mery staying at home.
(Mery가 집에 있음)
■ 이러한 의미적 성질을 중심으로 부정사나 동명사만을 목적어로 취
할 수 밖에 없는 동사들이 있다.
◇주로 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
: want, wish, hope, expect, choose, decide, determine,
refuse, pretend, manage to, offer, agree, promise, resolve,
desire, care to, mean to, intend to, ....
◇주로 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
: admit, consider, give up, deny, finish, mind, stop, quit,
escape, postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off.........
* He decided to leave school.
→ He decided leaving school. (×)
→ He decided on leaving school. (○)
* He gave up drinking and smoking.
◇부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 취하는 동사.
ⓐ like, hate, preper, love, dread, intend,
+ 부정사 : 사실성의 언급이 없음.(I like her to sing)
동명사 : 사실성이 표현됨. ( I like her singing )
ⓑ forget, remember, regret, report, recall, anticipate,
acknowlege, amphasize, announce, suspect, admit....
+ 부정사: 미래성 (I remember to post the letter),부칠 것.
+ 동명사: 과거성 (I remember posting the letter),부친 것.
ⓒ stop + 부정사 : 부정사의 부사적 용법.(I stoped to smoke)
+ 동명사 : stop의 목적어. (I stoped smoking)
ⓓ try + 부정사 : 노력하다. (Mery tries to write a book)
동명사 : 시험삼아해보다 (Mery tries writing a book)
ⓔ go on + 부정사: 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.
동명사: 계속해서 --하다.
* He went on to talk about his accident.
* He went on talking about his accident.
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10. 부정사의 부정 :
부정사의 부정은 부정사의 바로 앞에 not, never를 붙여 not to-,
never to-의 형식으로 나타낸다.
* He did not try to smile. (try를 부정)
* He tried not to smile. (to smile을 부정)
11. 대부정사 : 부정사의 반복을 피하기 위하여 to만을 씀.
* You may go if you want to. (go; 생략)
12. 분리 부정사 :
부사가 부정사를 수식한다는 것을 분명히 하기 위해 to + 동사원형이
부사에 의해 분리되는 것.- to와 원형부정사 사이에 부사가 있는 형태
* He entirely failed to understand it.
(entirely가 failed를 수식, 완전부정)
He failed to entirely understand it.
(entirely가 understand를 수식하는 분리 부정사, 부분부정)
13. 감탄문을 만드는 부정사.
* To think that such a little boy should have done it.
14. 관련구문
(1) 명사적 용법의 부정사 ↔ 명사절
< S + is said to + V ↔ It is said that S+ V >
* Seoul is said to be a city worth visiting.
= It is said that Seoul is a city worth visiting.
(2) 형용사적 용법의 부정사 ↔ 형용사절
* This is the house for her to live in.
= This is the house in which she lives.
(3) 부사적 용법의 부정사 ↔ 부사절
① 목적 : to ∼
= in order to∼
= so as to∼
= so that ∼ may(might)
* He stepped aside for her to enter.
= He stepped aside so that she might enter.
② 결과 : to ∼
= and ; but
* He awoke to find the sun shining.
= He awoke and found the sun shining.
③ 원인.이유 : to ∼
= because
* I am glad to see you.
= I am glad because I see you.
④ 정도
: too ∼ to = so that ∼ cannot
enough ∼ to = so ∼ that
* He is so tall that he can touch the roof.
= He is tall enough to touch the roof.
= He is so tall as to touch the roof.
★ He works hard so as to succeed in life.
* As the book is very small, I can put it in my pocket.
= The book is so small that I put it in my pocket.
= The book is small enough for me to put in my pocket.
◇복문 ⇒ 단문
ⓐ a/ad + enough의 형태로
ⓑ 접속사 that 생략.
ⓒ that 이하의 절이 본주어와 같을 때는 생략, 다를 땐 for + 목적격
ⓓ 타동사의 목적어가 본주어와 같을 땐 생략, 다를 땐 써줌.
* He was so tall that he couldn't stand in a bus.
= He was too tall to stand in a bus.
⑤ Too의 특수 용법
◇ not too ∼ to = not so that ∼ not
* He is not too old to do the task.
= He is not so old that he can not do the task.
= However old he may be, he can do the task.
= He is not so old but he can do the task.
◇ too ∼ not to ＝ so ∼ that cannot but …
* The statesman is too great not to be respected.(by us)
= The statesman is so great that he cannot but be respected.(by us)
= The statesman is so great that we cannot but respect him.
(cannot but = can의 의미)
⑥ 기타
* ,too (I have much money.
I have much money, too.= So do I )
too = very, only too = very,
too liable to ∼ , too ready to ∼
(걸핏하면 ∼ 하다, ∼하기 일쑤다)
* I am only too good to help you.
* He is too liable (ready, apt) to despise the poor.
15. 동사와 부정사의 특수관계
1) 목적어로서 부정사를 취하는 동사
: resolve, determine, decide, desire, wish, hope, expect, care to,
manage to, mean to, intend to, pretend, refuse 등
* I decided to go there. (O)
* I decided going there. (X)
2) 목적보어로서 부정사를 취하는 동사.
: tell ∼ to, ask ∼ to, advise ∼ to, persuade ∼ to, encourage ∼ to
cause ∼ to, get ∼ to, compel ∼ to, lead ∼ to, force ∼ to,
enable ∼ to등
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