1. 법의 종류
◇말하는 사람의 심리 태도에 의한 동사의 표현 형식을 법이라 하며, 직설법,
명령법, 가정법이 있다.
* I am thirsty. (직설법)
* Give me something to drink. (명령법)
* I wish I were a bird. (가정법)
▶ 사실에 반대되거나 또는 두드러지게 차이가 있는 가정. 상상. 희망을
나타낼 때 에는 동사의 용법이 바뀐다.
이처럼 바뀐 동사의 변화를 가정법이라고 한다. 가정법은 대개의 경우
조건절과 주절의 두 부분으로 이루어진다.
* If I were you, I would not do so.
(조건절) (주절)
2. 법의 형식과 용법
①명령법은 동사의 원형을 사용한다. 명령은 상대방에게 하므로 주어 You를
생략하는 것이 보통이지만, 특히 상대방의 주의를 끌려고 할 때는 사용한다.
* You read the first paragraph, John.
* And mind you don't forget to post the letter.
②명령법은 접속사 and, or와 관련하여 조건을 나타낸다.
ⓐ명령법 + and = If ∼ [∼하라,그러면∼]
Hurry up, and you will be in time.
= If you hurry up, you will be in time.
ⓑ명령법 + or = If ∼not = unless ∼ [∼하라,그렇지 않으면∼]
Hurry up, or you will be late.
= If you do not hurry up, you will be late.
= Unless you hurry up, you will be late.
③ Let him go there.
Let each man do his best.
◇명령법에는 let를 사용하는 형식이 있다. 1인칭, 3인칭에 관하여든지
혹은 권유를 하는 형식이다.
△Let us ∼. 의 형식에는 다음과 같은 구별이 있다.
Let us go. (갑시다) … 권유 [lets]
Let us go. (저희들을 보내 주시오) … 허가 [l/et s]
△Let에는 3인칭에 대한 명령을 나타내는 주의할 용법이 있다.
Let each man do his best.
= Each man should do his best. (각자 자기의 최선을 다하라.)
2. 가정법 현재
* If + 주어 + 동사원형, 주어 + will. can + 동사원형
조건절(종속절) shall. may
주절(귀결절)
현재 또는 미래에 대한 불확실한 상상이라든가 의문을 나타낸다.
* If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go.
* If he is honest, I will employ him. (조건절)
* If he is honest, I will not employ him. (양보절, ∼할지라도)
3. 가정법 미래
미래에 대한 강한 의심을 나타낸다( 만약 ~라면)
* If + 주어 + should (주어의 무의지) + 동사원형, [→ 조건절(종속절)]
would (주어의 의지)
+ 주어 + will(would), can(could) + 동사원형. [→ 주절(귀결절)]
shall(should), may(might)
* If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not come.
* 가정법 미래는 주어의 인칭에 상관없이 단순미래의 가정 앞에서는
should를 주어의 의지미래의 가정에는 would를 쓴다.
4. 가정법 과거
* If + S + 과거동사, S + would, should + Root
had, did, could, might
현재의 사실에 반대되거나 또는 현저하게 다른 가정(희망)을 나타낸다.
* If it did not rain now, I would go out.
* As I am ill, I cannot go there. (직설법 현재)
= If I were not ill, I could go there. (가정법 과거)
<이 구문에 있어서 be동사 (=is,am,are)에는 주어의 인칭. 수에 관계없이
were를 쓴다.>
5. 가정법 과거완료
* If + S + had + p.p., S + would, should + have + p.p.
could, might
과거의 사실에 반대되는 가정을 나타내는 데에 쓰인다.
* If it had not rained yesterday, I would have gone out.
* As you helped me, I did not fail. (직설법 과거)
= If you had not helped me, I would have fail. (가정법 과거완료)
6. 가정법을 만드는 방법
(1) As he is not rich, he can't go abroad.
= If he were rich, he could go abroad.
(2) He doesn't knew her address, and so he can't write to her
= If he knew her address, he could write to her
(3) As he was sick yesterday, he couldn't attend the party.
= If he had not been sick yesterday, he could have attended
the party.
(4) As he hurried up, he caught the first train.
= If he had he not hurried up, he would not have caught the
first train.
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7. If의 생략
조건절을 수반하는 경우에는 If가 생략되는 수도 있다. 이런 경우에는
가정법의 동사(조동사가 있는 경우에는 조동사)를 주어 앞으로 가져온다.
◇ 조건절에서 접속사 if가 생략되면 be동사와 조동사는 바로 주어 앞으로 도치되며
일반동사는 조동사 did가 문두로 도치됨.
(1) If you had followed my advice, you would not have failed.
= Had you followed my advice, you would not have failed.
(2) If I were you, I would not do such a thing.
= were I you, I would not do such a thing.
(3) If I had much money, I would help him.
= Had I much money, I would help him.
(4) If I possessed enough money, I would give her some.
= Did I possess enough money, I would give her some
(5) If it should rain, he would not come.
= Should it rain, he would not come.
8. I wish + 가정법
(1) I wish + 가정법 과거:현재로는 이룰 수 없는 강한 희망을 나타낸다
◇ I wish + 주어 + 복수 과거동사
* I wish --+ I were a bird. (가정법 과거)
would that |
would to God | : 현재 실현할 수 없는 일에 대한 소망
If only --+
= I am sorry --+ I am not a bird. (직설법 현재)
It is a pity |
I regret --+
* I wish I were a bird.
= I am sorry I am not a bird.
(2) I wish + 가정법 과거완료 :과거에 있어서 이룰수 없었던 희망을 나타낸다.
◇ I wish + 주 + had + p.p
* I wish --+ I had learned English. (가정법 과거완료)
Would that |
If only |
O that --+
= I am sorry --+ I didn't learn English. (직설법 과거)
It is a pity |
I regret --+
= I should -+ have learned English. : ∼했어야 했는데
ought to -+
* I wish I had learned French then.
= I am sorry I did not learn French then.
= It is a pity that I did not learn French then.
* I wish I had been a bird.
= I am sorry I was not a bird
(3) If only∼, Would that∼에 의한 경우
이들 구문은 I wish와 마찬가지로 이루어질수 없는 희망을 나타내며
가정법 과거 또는 가정법 과거완료 앞에 온다.
* Would that I were young again.
= If only I were young again.
= I wish I were young again.
(4) O that = I wish 같이 쓰인다.
* O that he would succeed.
9. Were + to 부정사 (순수미래)
조건절에서 were to 부정사를 사용하는 것은 미래에 있어서 있을수 없는
일의 가정을 나타낸다.
실현 가능성이 희박한 순수가정은 조건절에 should 또는 were to를 쓰며
주절에는 조동사의 과거형+동사원형을 쓴다.
"만약"이라는 강한가정의 경우 should보다 were to가 가능성이 더 희박함
* If it should be fine tomorrow, I would go fishing.
* If it were to be fine tomorrow, I would go fishing.
* If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not change my mind.
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10. as if (= as thought) + 가정법
◇ as if --+ + 주 + 복수 과거동사 = 가정법 과거
as though --+ ; 마치 ∼인 것 처럼
* He talks as if he knew everything.
= In fact he doesn't know everything.
* He talked as if he knew everything.
= In fact he did not know evertthing.
◇ as if --+ + 주 + had + p.p = 가정법 과거완료
as though --+ : 마치 ∼였던 것 처럼
* He looks as if he had seen a ghost.
= In fact he has not seen a ghost
.
* He looked as if he had seen a ghost.
= In fact he had not seen a ghost.
◇ 주절동사가 현재시제이면 as if∼는 과거 또는 현재완료를, 과거시제이면
과거완료시제를 각각 표시함.
11. 혼합 가정법
혼합 가정문은 종속절이 가정법 과거완료이고 주절은 가정법 과거인 문장이다.
* If it had not rained last night, the road would not be muddy now.
= As it rained last night, the road is muddy now.
* If my elder brother had not been killed in the battle, he would be now alive.
= As my elder brother was killed in the battle, he is not now alive.
* As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.
= If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now.
◇ 직설법 : as∼는 과거, 주절은 현재이면
가정법 : 종속절(as절)은 가정법 과거완료(had + p.p)로,
주절은 가정법 과거(would + 원형)로
12. [∼가 없다면]의 특수구문
◇ but for, without가 가정법 과거에서 쓰이면 if it were not for(만일 ∼이 없다면)
로 고쳐지며 가정법 과거완료에서 쓰이면 if it had not been for(만일 ∼이 없었더
라면)로 고쳐짐.
(1) 가정법 과거 +-- if it were not for
+-- were it not for
If It were not for water, nothing could live. (가정법 과거)
= Were it not for water, nothing could live. (if 생략)
= But for water, nothing could live.
= Without water, nothing could live.
(물이 없다면 아무것도 살 수 없을텐데.)
◇ But for, Without은 전치사구로서 "∼이 없다면"의 뜻. 다음에는
반드시 명사나 동명사형을 사용해야한다.
(2) 가정법 과거완료 +-- if it had not been for
+-- had it not been for
If It had not been for water, nothing could have lived.
= Had it not been for water, nothing could have lived. (if 생략)
= But for water, nothing could have lived.
= Without water, nothing could have lived.
(물이 없었더라면 아무것도 살 수 없을텐데.)
* But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live.
(태양열이 없으면 아무도 살 수 없을 것이다.)
* Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined.
(당신의 시기적절한 충고가 없었더라면, 그는 파멸했을 것이다.)
* But for, Without의 뜻은 주절에 의하여 결정된다.
주절이 가정법 과거인 경우 "-이 없다면, -없으면"으로
가정법과거완료인 경우 " -이 없었더라면" 으로 뜻이 변함.
13. but that의 구문 : but that다음에는 절이 오며,또 직설법이 온다.
but that = unless
* She would have fallen over the cliff, but that I caught her by the hand.
=If I had not caught her by the hand, She would have fallen over the cliff
but that ---+ +- 주 + 현재동사 : ∼이 없다면
expect that | +- 주 + 과거동사 : ∼이 없었더라면
but what ---+
* As I am poor, I can not go abroad.
= If I were not poor, I could go abroad.
= Were I not poor, I could go abroad.
= But that I am poor, I could go abroad.
◇ but that 다음엔 직설법이 오며 부정의 뜻이 포함되어 있으므로 not를
쓰면 틀린다. 주절이 가정법 과거이면 but that + 직설법 현재 형태
* but that + 직설법 현재, 주절 (could + 원형동사)
but that + 직설법 과거, 주절 (would + have p.p : 가정
14. 충고: advice, advisable. --+
주장: insist,assert,maintain,contend | + that + 주어 + should + 동사원형+ 가정법 현재
소망: desire, expect, wish | ( = 동사원형)
요구: require, request, demand, ask |
제안: propose, move, suggest. |
명령: order,command --+
* Tom insists that Helen (should) go there at once.
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15. It is (high) time (that) + S + 과거동사 (-할 시간이다)
⇒ 긴급사항, 당연, 필요, 재촉.
: It is time 다음에는 가정법 과거밖에 못쓰며 that은 관계부사로
when의 대용이다.
* It is +-time --+ +-he went to bed.
| about time |that |we were saying goodbye.
| just time | +-the boy should be sent goto school.
+-high time --+
16. 조건절 상당어구 (전치사)
전치사 with 는 경우에 따라서는 조건 [ 만약 -가 있다면]의 의미로
쓰인다.
with = having; without = not having
* With your help, he would have succeeded.
= If he had had your help, he would have succeeded.
* With a little more capital, he should succeeded.
= If he had a little more capital, he should succeeded
.
17. 조건절 상당어구 (단어)
명사.형용사에 조건이 포함되어 있는 경우로
주어가 If절 역할을 하는지는 would를 보고 알아야 한다.
* A lady would not do it.
= If she were a lady, she would not do it.
* A Korean would not do such a thing.
= If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.
15. 부정사가 If를 대신하는 경우
* To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American.
=If you heard him speak English, you would take him for an American.
* I should be glad to see him.
= I should be glad if I were to see him.
16. 분사가 If를 대신하는 경우
* The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
(이와 같은 일이 만약 전시에 일어난다면 큰 재난이 될 것이다.)
happening in wartime. (분사구문)
= if it should happen in wartime.
* Turning to the left, you will find the post-office.
= If you turn to the left, you will find the post-office.
17. otherwise 구문
앞에 나온말과 반대로 가정하여 [ 그렇지 않으면 ] 이라고 한다.
* He worked hard, otherwise he should have failed in it.
= If he had not worked hard, he should have failed in it.
18, 수사+비교급 and가 if 를 대신하는 경우
Two more steps further, and you would have fallen over the cliff.
= If you had taken two more steps further, and you would have fallen over the cliff.
one more effort, and you will surely succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you will surely succeed.
19. 조건 접속사 . 구
◇ unless = if ∼ not : ∼하지 않는다면
in case (that) + 주 + 동 --+ ∼할 경우에는
in case of + 명 | 만일 ∼한다면
in the event of + 명 ---+
in case ∼ should : ∼의 경우를 대비해서, ∼하면 안되니까
* A tiger cannot be tamed, unless it is caught young.
= A tiger cannot be tamed, if it is not caught young.
* In case of trouble, call for any help.
* Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
◇ provided (that) ----+
providing (that) |
on condition that | ∼하기만 한다면
so long as |
if only ------+
suppose (that) = supposing (that) : ∼한다면 (if)
granted (that) --+ 설령 ∼한다 할지라도
granting (that) --+ (even if : 양보를 나타냄)
17. 언외(言外)에 가정의 뜻을 포함하는 고정된 표현어구.
◇이들은 주로 사양하는 겸손한 완곡 어법이다.
① I should say he was a great scholar. (그는 아마 대학자이죠)
△여기에서의 was는 should가 과거형이므로 시제의 일치에 의한 것.
② That would seem strange. (그는 아마 이상하게 보일 것입니다.)
△If you did not know the truth, (진상을 모르시면)의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
③ I should like to make a tour round the world.(나는 세계일주 여행을 하고 싶다.)
△If I could의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
should like to: ∼하고 싶다.
④ Would you mind lending me your car?
(미안하지만, 당신의 차를 좀 빌려 주시겠습니까?)
△If I could ask you의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
⑤ A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had dropped의 뜻이 숨어있다.)
I could do it now. (지금 그것을 하려면 할 수도 있다.)
△if I would의 뜻이 숨어있다.
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